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民族传统医学大战艾滋病｜大象公会( 三 )

民族传统医学大战艾滋病｜大象公会
· 有关叶海亚·贾梅「治」艾滋病的报道伊朗前总统内贾德也在大力推动核试验之余 ， 宣称该国创造了一种治愈艾滋病的方子 ， 采用七位「纯伊朗草药」制成 ， 起名叫IMOD 。这个药被伊朗官方称为「发展中国家治疗艾滋病的第一良方」 ， 虽然没有伊朗以外的科学家研究证明其有效 ， 伊朗却已经在全球到处推销 。 该国科学家谁敢反对这个药 ， 谁就被炒鱿鱼 。和这两位总统一样 ， 姆贝基也坚信 ， 「非病」还得「非药」医——非洲自己的西药也肯定比国际推荐的靠谱 。 他在文章中高调宣称 ， 谁要是反对韦罗德尼 ， 那他就一定是西方那些生产艾滋病药物的大企业派来的奸细 。不过在2002年 ， 有媒体爆出 ， 不但在该国执政的政党「非国大」（African National Congress ， ANC）往这个药里投了钱 ， 跟姆贝基关系紧密的一些商人也投了大笔资金 。消息一出 ， 姆贝基立刻试图撇清韦罗德尼与非国大的关系 。他首先将艾滋病上升到民族大义的高度 ， 说成是一小撮国外势力的种族主义阴谋 ， 然后将韦罗德尼摆到战略位置 ， 不管谁投钱都是南非的英雄——只是非国大顾全政治规则 ， 拒绝了药厂提供的股份 。但艾滋病否认政策和「非洲土豆」的神药地位还是岿然不动 。 2006年 ， 趁着卫生部长查巴拉拉-姆西曼生病 ， 继任者马德拉拉-洛特莱奇火速推翻了之前的荒唐宣传 ， 并在年底推行了全新的抗艾政策 。第二年 ， 姆贝基直接把马德拉拉-洛特莱奇给开除了 。 直到2008年姆贝基下台 ， 情况才有所改观 。 但已经晚了 。从曼德拉到姆贝基的十多年间 ， 南非的HIV感染者以控制不住的态势直线上升 ， 成为世界上第一大「艾」国 。民族传统医学大战艾滋病｜大象公会
· 由于错误的抗艾策略 ， 南非的预期寿命一度出现逆增长 ， 现在由于普及抗病毒治疗逐渐回升2018年 ， 南非有770万人携带HIV ， 相当于中国一个二线城市的常住人口规模 ， 每七个人就有一个携带者 。 这些人中 ， 抗病毒药物治疗的普及率只有62%（成人） 。当年有7万南非人死于艾滋病及并发症 。 估计有26万0到14岁的儿童 ， 一出生就感染了HIV 。现在南非亡羊补牢 ， 开展了全球最大的国家抗病毒治疗项目 ， 费用基本上都由国家财政负担 ， 每年花掉15亿美元 。南非的教训是沉重的 ， 而吸取教训总是难的 。至今 ， 西方仍有声音支持「艾滋病不是HIV病毒导致」这一理论 。 同时 ， 世界各国仍有大批HIV携带者和艾滋病患者 ， 试图用各种偏方土法治病 。 中文网站上仍有不少文章 ， 言之凿凿地宣称艾滋病病毒的发现者实际上制造了这种病毒 。民族传统医学大战艾滋病｜大象公会
· 这是一个英文网站辟谣都辟腻了的谣言如果说有什么教训的话 ， 那就是在治病这件事上 ， 政治谣言、伪科学和民族主义情绪都是要不得的 。注释：(1)Telegram Nr. 2955 from the KGB to Bulgarian State Security, 7 September 1985. Obtained by Christopher Nehring. Source: CDDAABCSSISBNA-R, Fond (F.) 9, Opis (Op.) 4, A.E. 663, pp. 208-9.https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/208946(2)Karetnikov, Alexey. "Commentary: Questioning the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis: 30 Years of Dissent." Frontiers in public health 3 (2015): 193.(3)WHY MBEKI""""S HIV VIEWS HAVE NO PLACE IN SOUTH AFRICAhttps://www.newsweek.com/thabo-mbeki-south-africa-hiv-aids-436012*药名无通用中文译名 ， 「韦罗德尼」为作者所翻 。参考文献：[1]Physicians (per 1,000 people)https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS[2]Density of physicians (total number per 1000 population, latest available year)https://www.who.int/gho/health_workforce/physicians_density/en/[3]国家卫健委：我国每千人口医生数达到2.59人https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1645726125585768976&wfr=spider&for=pc[4]Pfeiffer, James, and Rachel Chapman. "An anthropology of aid in Africa." The Lancet 385.9983 (2015): 2144-2145.[5]United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS. "AIDS in Africa: Three scenarios to 2025." (2005).[6]Green, Edward C., Bongi Zokwe, and John David Dupree. "The experience of an AIDS prevention program focused on South African traditional healers." Social Science & Medicine 40.4 (1995): 503-515.[7]Zuma, Thembelihle, et al. "Traditional health practitioners’ management of HIV/AIDS in rural South Africa in the era of widespread antiretroviral therapy." Global health action 10.1 (2017): 1352210.[8]Peltzer, Karl, Nolwandle Mngqundaniso, and George Petros. "A controlled study of an HIV/AIDS/STI/TB intervention with traditional healers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." AIDS and Behavior 10.6 (2006): 683-690.[9]Green, Edward C., Bongi Zokwe, and John David Dupree. "The experience of an AIDS prevention program focused on South African traditional healers." Social Science & Medicine 40.4 (1995): 503-515.[10]Boghardt, Thomas (December 2009). "Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign" (PDF). Studies in Intelligence. 53 (4): 8–9.[11]Audet, Carolyn M., Sizzy Ngobeni, and Ryan G. Wagner. "Traditional healer treatment of HIV persists in the era of ART: a mixed methods study from rural South Africa." BMC complementary and alternative medicine 17.1 (2017): 434.[12]Leclerc-Madlala, Suzanne, Leickness C. Simbayi, and Allanise Cloete. "The sociocultural aspects of HIV/AIDS in South Africa." HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 years on. Springer, New York, NY, 2009. 13-25.[13]Petzer, K., and Nolwandle Mngqundaniso. "Patients consulting traditional health practioners in the context of HIV/AIDS in urban areas in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 5.4 (2008): 370-379.[14]Nkosi, Bonginkosi Maxwell. "Understanding and exploring illness and disease in South Africa: A medical anthropology context." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2.24 (2012): 84-93.[15]Abdullahi, Ali Arazeem. "Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in Africa." African journal of traditional, complementary and alternative medicines 8.5S (2011).[16]Mark, Schoofs (2001-07-19). "Tanzanian Military Helped Company Skirt Drug Regulations to Test Virodene". Wall Street Journal.[17]Asare, M., and S. A. Danquah. "The African Belief System and the Patient’s Choice of Treatment from Existing Health Models-the Case of Ghana." Acta Psychopathol 3.4 (2017): 49.[18]"Durban Declaration". Nature. 406 (6791): 15–16. 6 July 2000. doi:10.1038/35017662. PMID 10894520.[19]Nattrass, Nicoli (September–October 2007). "AIDS Denialism vs. Science". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 22 March 2014.[20]Hess, Rosanna F., and Dawn McKinney. "Fatalism and HIV/AIDS beliefs in rural Mali, West Africa." Journal of Nursing scholarship 39.2 (2007): 113-118.[21]Nattrass, Nicoli. "AIDS Policy in post-apartheid South Africa." After apartheid: reinventing South Africa 181 (2011).[22]Orisatoki, R. O., and O. O. Oguntibeju. "The role of herbal medicine use in HIV/AIDS treatment." Archives of clinical microbiology 1.3 (2010).[23]Thabo Mbeki, ANC has no financial stake in Virodene, March 1998https://web.archive.org/web/20070202174845/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mbeki/1998/virodene.html[24]Opoku, Samuel Yaw, Martin Benwell, and Joel Yarney. "Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviour and breast cancer screening practices in Ghana, West Africa." Pan African Medical Journal 11.1 (2012).[25]"Who""""s bankrolling Virodene?". Mail & Guardian. June 22, 2002.[26]UNICEF. "Health Budget South Africa 2017/2018." (2017).https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF_South_Africa_--_2017_--_Health_Budget_Brief.pdf[27]Kalichman, Seth C., and Leickness Simbayi. "Traditional beliefs about the cause of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma in South Africa." AIDS care 16.5 (2004): 572-580.[28]Nicoll, Angus, et al. "Lay health beliefs concerning HIV and AIDS—a barrier for control programmes." Aids Care 5.2 (1993): 231-241.[29]Nachega, Jean B., et al. "HIV/AIDS and antiretroviral treatment knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices in HIV-infected adults in Soweto, South Africa." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 38.2 (2005): 196-201.[30]Chigwedere, Pride, et al. "Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 49.4 (2008): 410-415.[31]Klonoff, Elizabeth A., and Hope Landrine. "Do blacks believe that HIV/AIDS is a government conspiracy against them?." Preventive Medicine 28.5 (1999): 451-457.[32]Nattrass, Nicoli. "Understanding the origins and preva1ence of AIDS conspiracy beliefs in the United States and South Africa." Sociology of health & illness 35.1 (2013): 113-129.[33]Mills, Edward, et al. "African herbal medicines in the treatment of HIV: Hypoxis and Sutherlandia. An overview of evidence and pharmacology." Nutrition journal 4.1 (2005): 19.[34]Nattrass, N . Mortal combat: AIDS denialism and the struggle for antiretrovirals in South Africa. Mortal Combat: AIDS denialism and the struggle for antiretrovirals in South Africa. 2007. ISBN 978-1-86914-132-5. http://www.ukznpress.co.za. Record Number 20083035901. Accessed August 5, 2017.[35]"Death of an AIDS Skeptic; Friends Say Christine Maggiore Endured Media Stress; Doctors Say She Caused Misery". ABCNews. 2009-01-01[36]Okuonzi, S. Uganda: Origin of HIV/AIDS – Thirty years of the untold story. New Vision. 2011.http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1008060/origin-hiv-aids-thirty-untold-story. Accessed August 3, 2017.[37]Duesberg, Peter H. Inventing the AIDS virus. Regnery Publishing, 1998.[38]Borger, Julian (2005-09-26). "Mother who denied Aids link faces police investigation after death of daughter". The Guardian.[39]France, D (28 August 2000). "The HIV disbelievers: Christine Maggiore is a different kind of AIDS activist-one who tells people to forget safe sex and stop taking their lifesaving drugs. Why?". Newsweek.[40]Duesberg, Peter H., et al. "HIV-AIDS hypothesis out of touch with South African AIDS–A new perspective." Population 45 (2009): 50.[41]Bogart, Laura M., et al. "HIV/AIDS misconceptions may be associated with condom use among black South Africans: an exploratory analysis." African Journal of AIDS Research 10.2 (2011): 181-187.[42]Jeppsson, Anders. "How East Germany fabricated the myth of HIV being man-made." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16.6 (2017): 519-522.[43]Murry Levine. 社区心理学原理 观点与应用 第3版[M]. 2018[44]Grebe, E; Nattrass, N (April 2012). "AIDS conspiracy beliefs and unsafe sex in Cape Town". AIDS and Behavior. 16 (3): 761–73. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9958-2. PMID 21538083.[45]Sidley, Pat. "Another AIDS “cure” scandal hits South Africa." (1998): 1696.[46]Amon, Joseph J. "Dangerous medicines: unproven AIDS cures and counterfeit antiretroviral drugs." Globalization and Health 4.1 (2008): 5.[47]Cullinan, Kerry, and Anso Thom, eds. The virus, vitamins and vegetables: the South African HIV/AIDS mystery. Jacana Media, 2009.[48]Timeline: Moments in the history of HIVhttps://www.spotlightnsp.co.za/2019/12/01/timeline-moments-in-the-history-of-hiv/[49]The Virodene affair (III)https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/the-virodene-affair-iii[50]秦晖：新南非在艾滋病防治问题上的败笔https://k.sina.com.cn/article_5979719281_1646b467101900pdh6.html?from=history来源：大象公会


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