that：寻找人生追求经历的四个阶段 |life|goals|方向

北京联盟_本文原题：寻找人生追求经历的四个阶段

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Chapter 10 The Making of Meaning

What Meaning Means
Cultivating Purpose 方向感的培养
Forging Resolve
Recovering Harmony
The Unification of Meaning in Life Themes

培养方向感的重要性
(人生追求的)文化三阶段
一个人建立方向感四个阶段

01
In the lives of many people it is possible to find a unifying purpose that justifies the things they do day in, day out—a goal that like a magnetic field attracts their psychic energy, a goal upon which all lesser goals depend. This goal will define the challenges that a person needs to face in order to transform his or her life into a flow activity. Without such a purpose, even the best-ordered consciousness lacks meaning .
很多人都能在生活中为每天所做的事情找到统一的方向——一个像磁铁一般，能吸引他们的精神能量，并整合所有次要目标的标杆。这个目标决定一个人必须面对哪些挑战，才能把生活转变成心流活动。缺乏这样的方向感，即使是有秩序的意识也不会有意义。
文化三阶段
02
Every human culture, by definition, contains meaning systems that can serve as the encompassing purpose by which individuals can order their goals. For instance, Pitrim Sorokin divided the various epochs of Western civilization into three types, which he believed have alternated with one another for over twenty-five centuries, sometimes lasting hundreds of years, sometimes just a few decades. He called these the sensate, the ideational, and the idealistic phases of culture, and he attempted to demonstrate that in each one a different set of priorities justified the goals of existence.
按照定义来说，每种文化都自有一套意义体系，帮助个人规划目标的方向。比方说， Pitrim Sorokin把西方文明分为三大类型。他认为， 2500年来，这三种类型不断交替出现，有时能持续数百年，有时仅数十年。他称之为文化的“知觉”、“观念”与“理想”三个阶段，他试图演绎，每个阶段都用不同的优先顺序，证明一套存在的目标。
03
知觉阶段
Sensate cultures are integrated around views of reality designed to satisfy the senses. They tend to be epicurean , utilitarian , concerned primarily with concrete needs.
The challenges they see are almost exclusively concerned with making life more easy, more comfortable, more pleasant. They tend to identify the good with what feels good and mistrust idealized values.
知觉阶段的文化对现实的观念，以满足感官为整合的主轴。这类文化倾向于享乐主义及功利主义，并以具体的需求为主要考量。
他们心目中的挑战，几乎完全以如何使生活更轻松、更舒适、更愉快为出发点。他们所谓的“善” ，就是愉快的感觉，对理想化的价值观则抱着不信任的态度。
04
观念阶段
Ideational cultures are organized on a principle opposite from the sensate: they look down on the tangible and strive for nonmaterial, supernatural ends. They emphasize abstract principles, asceticism , and transcendence of material concerns.