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that：寻找人生追求经历的四个阶段( 二 )


观念阶段 文化的组织原则 ， 与知觉文化阶段恰好相反：它们轻视具体事物 ， 全心追求非物质及超自然的目标 。 他们强调抽象的原则 ， 主张 禁欲， 并超越对物质的关心 。
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理想阶段
Occasionally a culture succeeds in integrating these two dialectically opposed principles into a convincing whole that preserves the advantages of both, while neutralizing the disadvantages of each. Sorokin calls these cultures “ idealistic .” They combine an acceptance of concrete sensory experience with a reverence for spiritual ends.
有一种文化能成功地整合这两种各走极端的模式 ， 保存两者的优点 ， 弥补两者的缺点 ， Sorokin称之为“ 理想文化 ” 。 它能结合具体的感官体验 ， 而仍然保持对精神目标的尊重 。
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Perhaps what matters most is not whether a person is materialist or ideational, but how differentiated and integrated are the goals he or she pursues in those areas. In that respect, a well-thought-out sensate approach to life, one that was responsive to a great variety of concrete human experiences and was internally consistent, would be preferable to an unreflective idealism, and vice versa.
一个人是物质主义者还是观念主义者 ， 或许并不重要 ， 如何区别与整合自己的目标才最重要 。 从这一点来看 ， 基于感官享乐的人生观 ， 若能经过精心策划 ， 对各种多姿多彩的具体人生经验做出反应 ， 具备内在的一致性 ， 就比未经深思熟虑的理想文化更好 。
人建立方向感的四个阶段
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There is a consensus among psychologists who study such subjects that people develop their concept of who they are, and of what they want to achieve in life, according to a sequence of steps.
研究一般人如何发展自我观念、人生的长期目标等专题的心理学家 ， 建立复杂意义包括四个阶段 。
第一阶段
“Each man or woman starts with a need to preserve the self, to keep the body and its basic goals from disintegrating. At this point the meaning of life is simple; it is tantamount to survival, comfort, and pleasure.
每个人刚开始都只想到求生、保持身体及其基本目标 的完整性 ， 这时人生的意义很简单——就只是求生、求舒适、求享乐而已 。
第二阶段
When the safety of the physical self is no longer in doubt, the person may expand the horizon of his or her meaning system to embrace the values of a community—the family, the neighborhood, a religious or ethnic group. This step leads to a greater complexity of the self, even though it usually implies conformity to conventional norms and standards.
当身体的安全得到充分保障后 ， 一个人就可以扩张意义系统 ， 包容 家人、邻居、宗教或种族等团体的价值观 。 这一步骤虽然通常会要求个人认同传统的标准与规范 ， 但仍能提升个人的复杂性 。
第三阶段
The next step in development involves reflective individualism. The person again turns inward, finding new grounds for authority and value within the self. He or she is no longer blindly conforming, but develops an autonomous conscience. At this point the main goal in life becomes the desire for growth, improvement, the actualization of potential.
下一步发展又回到个人主义的反省 。 个人再次转向内心 ， 从自我寻求权威与价值标准的新基础 。 他不再盲目认同 ， 开始发展独立自主的善恶观念 。 这时人生的主要目标变为追求成长、进步和实现潜能 。


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