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VOA英语学习|简的钱包是怎么丢的呢？( 二 )


VOA英语学习|简的钱包是怎么丢的呢？
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摩西并没有带动物上方舟 ， 带动物上方舟的是诺亚 。
就像那位往后退的喝汤顾客一样 ， 摩西错觉可以通过 常态理论来解释 。
The Social Norms Theoryposits that our behavior is influenced by misperceptions of how our peers think and act. … Accordingly, the theory states that correcting misperceptions of perceived norms will most likely result in a decrease in the problem behavior or an increase in the desired behavior.
We are able to communicate with each other because our knowledge of the world and our use of words are largely shared.
我们能相互交流 ， 因为我们关于世界的知识和对文字的运用水平都相当 。
“The large mouse climbed over the trunk of the very small elephant.”
请看“ 大老鼠爬过了小象的鼻子 ”这个句子 。
我敢肯定你想象中的老鼠和小象的体型和我想象的差不了太多 。
常态下 ， 这些动物的体型有典型的或平均的大小 ， 而且 ， 常态中还包括了这一类动物的变化范围及变异性 。 我们都不可能在脑中想象到比象还大的老鼠爬过比老鼠还小的小象的鼻子 。 但我们各自都能想象到比鞋还小的老鼠爬过比沙发还大的大象 。
System 1, which understands language, has access to norms of categories, which specify the range of plausible values as well as the most typical cases.
系统1理解语言 ， 也了解分类标准 ， 它能辨明那些貌似正确的价值 ， 也能廓清那些最典型事例可能出现的范围 。
02 Seeing Causes and Intentions
After spending a day exploring beautiful sights in the crowded streets of New York, Jane discovered that her wallet was missing.
在纽约拥挤的大街上逛了一天 ， 欣赏完美景后 ， Jane发觉自己的钱包丢了 。
Jane的钱包是怎么丢的呢？
When people who had read this brief story (along with many others) were given a surprise recall test, the word pickpocket was more strongly associated with the story than the word sights, even though the latter was actually in the sentence while the former was not.
研究人员对读过这个句子的人（这些人同时也读过许多其他故事）进行了一次突击性的回想实验 ， 发现这些读者认为“扒手”这个词比“景色”一词与该句子联系更紧密 ， 尽管后者在句子中出现了而前者却没有 。
The rules of associative coherencetell us what happened. The event of a lost wallet could evoke many different causes: the wallet slipped out of a pocket, was left in the restaurant, etc. However, when the ideas of lost wallet, New York, and crowds are juxtaposed, they jointly evoke the explanation that a pickpocket caused the loss.
联想连贯性原则告诉我们实实在在发生的事情 。 丢钱包这件事可能有很多不同的原因：钱包从口袋里掉了出去 ， 或者落在了餐厅等 。 但是 ， 丢钱包、纽约以及拥挤的街道三种想法同时存在时 ， 这些读者都把丢钱包的原因指向了扒手 。
The aristocratic Belgian psychologist Albert Michotte published a book in 1945 (translated into English in 1963) that overturned centuries of thinking about causality, going back at least to Hume’s examination of the association of ideas. The commonly accepted wisdom was that we infer physical causality from repeated observations of correlations among events.


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